Sanitation
The development and application of sanitary measures for the sake of cleanliness and protecting health is known as sanitation
IMPORTANCE OF SANITATION
Sanitation is important because a variety of harmful or deadly bacteria would otherwise infect people and potentially start a disease . The increase in lifespan and the improved quality. Quality of life over the past few centuries is partially due to improvement in sanitation procedures ,
REFUSE
Refuse mean unwanted or discarded waste material from houses , streets sweeping , commercial , industrial and agricultural operations arising from mens activities , it does not contain human excreta.
SOURCES OF REFUSES
the common source of refuses are described as under
Street refuse : that is collected from streets by cleaning services e,g , leaves, paper , straws
Market refuse : this is collected from market eg, vegetables and animal matter .
Domestic refuse :
Collected from houses , it consists of rash, rubbish and garbage.
COLLECTION, REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF REFUSES:
The system used for collection , removal and disposal of refuse other than human excreta is called
“Scavenging “
COLLECTION
The practice of depositing refuse and wast material in the streets or on the footpath is common in must cities , in our country . The organic refuses quickly undergo putrefaction in the presence of moisture and warmth . As a result there is an offensive smell and place serves as breeding site for flies and rats ,
REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL
The removes should be transferred from houses in covered dust bins . These should be kept an a raised platform. There should also be a fair distance of disposal site from houses.
METHODS FOR FINAL ELIMINATION OF REFUSES
following are the methods for final elimination of refuses.
1 FILLING:disposal of waste in a landfill involves dumping the waste and this remains a common practice in most countries. A properly designed and well managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively expensive methods if disposing of wast material .
2 BURIAL:
Most of our rubbish is buried in the ground in massive landfill sites or into trenches and covered with a heavy layer of earths. This system is recommended for the disposal of organic material inn rural areas as compared to cities.
3 DUMPING:
An area is selected for use solely as a disposal area and the refuse is hauled there to be dumped .
4 INCINERATION
refuse can be disposed off by burring or incineration it is methods of choice where suitable land is not available
COLLECTION, REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF HUMAN EXCRETA
The following methods are used for disposal of human excreta ,
1 DRY /CONSERVANCY SYSTEM: in this system human excreta is collected and removed either manually or mechanically. In this system latrines are provided with such containers that contain are emptied into carts or lorries and is further carried to disposal area for away from residential area.
2 WE/SEWERAGE SYSTEM
In wet /sewerage system or water carriage system human urine and excreta are taken away by a system of drain called sewers, which are flushed. By water to place , which is away from contact of people and vectors.
HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT; hospitals wast means all waste arising from hospital. It is also called biomedical or healthcare waste .
IMPORTANCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF HOSPITAL WASTE: the importance and significance of hospital waste is as under
In case hospital waste are not properly disposed off , it causes injury by contaminated sharps and infection with hepatitis B C and HIV
Improper disposal practice also encourage illegal reuse of discarded syringes . Iv tubes , blood bags etc
TYPES OF HOSPITAL WASTE : it is two types
Risk waste
Non risk waste
RISK WASTE
In this group all those hospitals are wastes are included which can put the life of a person at risk , this group are
A)INFECTION WASTE
culture from laboratory work ,wast from surgery and autopsies , wast from infected patients, infected animals from laboratories.
B) PATHOLOGICAL WASTE
Tissue, organ , body parts , foetuses , blood and baby fluids .
C) SHARPS
syringe, blades, needles, broken glass ,Knives .
PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE
Surplus vaccine or sera , drugs expired pharmaceutical products, contaminated pharmaceutical products.
NON RISK WASTE
In this group all those hospitals waste are included which is comparable to normal domestic garbage and present no greater risk . This includes ; packaging, food waste Aerosol , paper and cardboard
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
environmental pollution is the contamination of the physical and biological components of the earth and atmosphere system to such an extent that normal environmental processes are adversely affected .
CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENT
PHYSICAL:Air , soil , water, housing ,waste , radiation, etc
BIOLOGICAL: plants and animals life including bacteria , viruses, insects etc .
SOCIAL: custom, culture,habits,income,occupation , religion etc .
The key to mans health is in his good environment. The major forms of environmental pollution are listed below ;
Air pollution, light pollution, littering , noise pollution, soil contamination ! Radioactive contamination, thermal pollution, visual pollution, water pollution, plastics pollution.
CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Some important causes of environmental pollution listed below.
Soil erosion, desertification and forest degradation, urbanisation! Transportation,agricultural activities, Trading activities, migration , population explosion, food contamination by pesticides and bacteria, Noise pollution, Nuclear explosion ,green house effect , improper and uncontrolled disposal of industrial water , uncontrolled disposal of sewage, radiation hazards, automobile emissions , gases from burning of fossil fuels , tobacco smoke and fumes from domestic fuel.
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